Manual / Guide · 2024
PAL-II User Manual V1.0 (2024)
The PAL-2 KIM-1 replica: assembly, jumpers and operation.
Manual / Guide · 2024
The PAL-2 KIM-1 replica: assembly, jumpers and operation.
PAL-II User Manual V1.0 Liu Ganning 2024-12-30 Happy Hacking 6502 Chapter 1 Your PAL-II Microcomputer Kit Congratulations and welcome to the exciting old world of micro-computers! As the owner of a PAL-II Microcomputer Kit, you now have at your disposal a completely operational, high-quality components and very capable digital computer after simple assembly. By selecting the PAL-II kit, you have eliminated all the problems of PCB making, components sourcing of constructing a vintage KIM-1 computing system. Your time is now available for soldering the kit and enjoy this beautiful KIM-1 replica. In fact, if you will follow a few simple procedures outlined in this manual, you should be able to achieve initial operation of your PAL-II module within a few minutes after unpacking and assemble it. For more detailed technical/background information, we recommend you read the three books with the original KIM-1 system: KIM-1 User’s Manual, Hardware Manual and Programming Manual. AND THANKS TO ALL THE KIM-1, PAL-1 ENTHUSIASTS FOR HELP TO WORK THIS OUT! Chapter 2 GETTING STARTED 2.1 PARTS COMPLEMENT After unpacking the shipping container for your PAL-II kit, you should have located the following items: 4 Boxes – Chips box Sockets and Switches box Passive electric components box Keypad box 1 PAL-II PCB (In reusable ESD bag) 1 Printed System Schematic 1 Printed Parts Layout 1 Printed Bill of Materials 2.2 A FEW WORDS OF CAUTION WARNING Your PAL-II kit includes recycled vintage, hard to find ICs. Although all such ICs are tested before package, but they are more sensitive/fragile than modern chip. Please handle with care with these chips. Always discharge before touching your PAL-II kit and carefully deal with chip’s leg when fitting it in socket. 2.3 SOLDERING TIPS After unpacked all components, you need to solder them on the PAL-II PCB. We suggest you follow the steps like: Resistors -> Diode -> DIP switches -> IC sockets -> Pin header connectors -> Oscillator -> Capacitors -> LEDs -> Transistors -> Switches (keypad and selectors) -> Keycaps and Keypad Cover For a beautifully assembled module, ensure all components are properly aligned before soldering. You can use the parts layout page (Appendix B) for an easy component locate or use the online interactive BOM to location. Keyboard finished reference photo: We recommend using a PH1 SCREWDRIVER to tighten the three keypad cover screws. Please take care not to overtighten these screws to avoid cracking the screw seats. A safer approach is to rotate the screws 90 degrees at a time, check the distance between the screw head and the PCB, and repeat this process until the screw head makes contact with the PCB, at which point you should stop. 2.4 FIRST BOOT When you finished the assembly, passed the short circuit and cold soldering check, you can power your PAL-II up for the first time. Put the PAL-II to the default configuration like this: Vector selector: DOWN, 8K7 selector: RIGHT K1-K4 RAM selector: 1,1,1,1 8K Decoder selector: 0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 SST: RIGHT FIGURE 1 ONLY use a 5V DC power supply for your PAL-II. We recommend using a USB-to-TTL converter, as it provides both power and serial communication in a single device. Place the module such that the keypad is positioned in the lower-right corner. Observe that two connector areas extend to the left of the module. The connector area on the lower-left is referred to as the Application Connector (A), while the connector area on the upper-left is designated as the Expansion Connector (E) for future system expansions. The 2x22 pin header connectors follow the KIM-1’s original definitions. The upper row uses numeric labels, and the bottom row uses alphabetical labels. You can identify the starting and ending labels from the silk-screen printing on the PCB. Additionally, the ^ symbol indicates the UPPER row. To connect the power supply: • Use the Application Connector. • Pin 1 is for GND, and Pin A is for VCC. (A) 1 A GND VCC +5V FIGURE 2 Complete connector pin definitions can be found on the next page. Now, recheck your connections, turn on your power suppliers, and depress RS (reset). You should see the LED display digits light as your first check that the system is operational. If not, recheck your hookup. Find help or join discussions about PAL-II, visit the following link: https://groups.google.com/g/pal6502 2.5 LET’S TRY A SIMPLE PROGRAM Please follow chapter 2.4 Let’s try a simple program on page 9 of the KIM-1 User’s Manual. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 VSS GND PA3 PA2 PA1 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 PB0 PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 PA0 PB7 PB5 KB Row 0 KB Col F KB Col B KB Col E KB Col A KB Col D A B C D E F H J K L M N P R S T U V W X Y Z (UPPER row) VCC +5V K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K7 DECODE ENAB TOP 8K SELECT TOP 8K ENABLE TTL (IN) KYBD TTL (OUT) PTR KB Row 3 KB Col G KB Row 2 KB Col C KB Row 1 (LOWER row) Application Connector FIGURE 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 SYNC RDY Ø1 IRQ SO NMI RST DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 K6 SST OUT A B C D E F H J K L M N P R S T U V W X Y Z VCC +5V VSS GND (UPPER row) AB0 AB1 AB2 AB3 AB4 AB5 AB6 AB7 AB8 AB9 AB10 AB11 AB12 AB13 AB14 AB15 Ø2 R/W $$$$$$ R/W PLL TEST $$$$ Ø2 RAM/R/W (LOWER row) Expansion Connector FIGURE 4 2.6 TTL COMMUNICATION PAL-II provides an easier and more stable way to establish serial communication with your computer. Connect a USB-to-TTL converter to your computer to act as both a printer and keyboard for the KIM-1 system. Connect the wires shown in the figure below: (A) USB TO TTL U Here we are assuming that your PAL-II’s DC power source is from the USB-to-TTL converter. If your PAL-II is powered by a standalone power supply, you need to connect the USB-to-TTL converter’s GND to the PAL-II’s GND. RXD T TXD 21 JUMPER FOR TTL OPERATION V FIGURE 5 After connecting the USB-to-TTL converter, start a serial terminal on your computer and set the converter’s COM port like: - Speed: 1200 bps Data: 8 bits Parity: none Stop bits: 1 bit Flow control: none Power on the PAL-II, press the RS key on the PAL-II module then press the Enter key on your computer. This step is most important since the PAL-II system adjusts automatically to the bit rate of the serial communication and requires this first key depression to establish this rate. If everything is working properly you should immediately observe a message being showed as follows: KIM This is a prompting message telling you that the TTL is on-line and the PAL-II system is ready to accept commands from the TTL client. Please note that the KIM-I monitor only accept UPPERCASE commands. For more detailed information, read the chapter 2.6 Adding a teleprinter in the KIM-1 User’s Manual. Chapter 3 THE PAL-II SYSTEM PAL-II is another replica of the MOS KIM-1 and serves as an upgraded version of PAL-1. Compared to PAL-1, PAL-II features more comprehensive capabilities integrated into the board, making it a version closer to the original KIM-1. PAL-II replicates almost all the functionalities of KIM-1, except for audio-related features, aligning with the design of other KIM-1 capabilities. Additionally, PAL-II replaces KIM-1’s TTY circuits with TTL circuits, making it more easy and stable for modern applications. With PAL-II, communication with a computer can be easily achieved using a USB-to-TTL converter. Without adding extra expansion loads, PAL-II can also be powered directly via the 5V output from the USB-to-TTL converter, resulting in a simpler and more user-friendly system. Beyond restoring KIM-1’s design to a great extent, PAL-II expands the onboard RAM capacity. It can be configured as a fully expanded RAM address space KIM-1 system (see Figure 1). PAL-II provides two 2x22 connectors that adhere as closely as possible to the KIM-1 interface definitions. However, the connectors have been updated to a modern 2.54mm pinhead standard to reduce dependence on complex components. In the future, we will develop expansion modules for PAL-II to oger more flexible and diverse system functions. Regarding system memory allocation and special memory addresses, PAL-II maintains full compatibility with the KIM-1. System operations and development are therefore consistent with the KIM-1 specifications. For more detailed information, please refer to the three books included with the KIM-1. We also recommend using The First Book of KIM as a convenient programming manual to enhance your experience with PAL-II. APPENDIX A BOM ITEM PART 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. U1 U2 U3 U5 U7 U4 U6, U8, U9 U10 U21, U23 U11, U14, U24 U12 U22 U13 D1 Q1 through Q6 U15 through U20 R1 through R6 R7, R8 R9-15,17,19,21,23,25,27,28,36-R40 R16,18,20,22,24,26 R29 through R35 C1, C6-C22 C2, C3 C4 C5 X1 SW1, SW2, SW8-SW28 SW3 SW6, SW7 SW4 SW5 J1, J2 PAL-II V2.3 PCB Paperwork QTY. DESCRIPTION 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 2 19 6 7 18 2 1 1 1 23 1 2 1 1 2 18 23 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 6502 Microprocessor 6532 RAM I/O Timer Chip-02 6532 RAM I/O Timer Chip-03 28C16 Parallel EEPROM 256Kb (32K x 8) 628128 Static RAM 1Mb (128K x 8) 74LS138 3 to 8 Decoder 74LS145 BCD Decoder 74LS04 Hex Inverter 74LS06 Hex Invertor Open Collector 74LS00 Quad NAND 74LS38 Quad NAND Open Collector 74LS133 13-input NAND 556 Timer 6.2V 1W Zener Diode - 1N4735A PNP Transistor - 2N4403 FJ3101DH 7 seg. red LED C.Anode 3.3KW Resistor 47KW Resistor 1KW Resistor 220W Resistor 680W Resistor 0.1uf Capacitor 0.22uf Capacitor 220pf Capacitor 1uf Polarized Capacitor 1 MHz Oscillator Push button switch (keypad) 4mm Stem SPDT Switch SPDT Switch 4x DIP Switch 8x DIP Switch 2x22 P2.54mm Horizontal connector IC Sockets Keycaps /w Legends Black SLA Keypad Cover M2x5 Black SS ST Screws FR4, Pb-free, Taiwan NAN YA Schematic, BOM, Layout MOS sticker Storage Bag (Static Free, Pink) Shipping Box A-1 APPENDIX B PAL-II PARTS LAYOUT B-1